2010年3月2日 星期二

LINUX指令彙

LINUX指令彙

1.Account Management 帳號管理
 
  Command Description, Syntax & Example
 指令 解說、語法及例子
 
  adduser Create user account
 新增使用者帳號
  adduser (newuser)
 
  groupadd Create user group
 新增群組
  groupadd (newgroup)
 
  groupdel Delete user group
 刪除群組
  group (existgroup)
 
  passwd Change password
 修改密碼
 
  su Enable a user to temporarily become
  another user. Default user is root
 臨時登入成另一使用者,預設值是 root
 
  useradd Create user account
 新增使用者帳號
  useradd (newuser)
 
  userdel Delete user account
 刪除使用者帳號
  userdel (existuser)
 
  whoami Who am I
 檢視自己的 Login Name
 
  2.Background Jobs 背景作業
 
  Command Description, Syntax & Example
 指令 解說、語法及例子
 
  % job number
 
  & execute the command background
 
  bg place the job from suspend to
  background
 
  CTRL-z interrupt a job and stop it (suspended)
 
  fg [%n] bring the specified job number from
  background to foreground
 
  jobs list the jobs being run in background
 
  kill [%n] kill the specified job number
 
  ps list all currently running process
  include background job
 
  3.Basic Operation 基本操作
 
  Command Description, Syntax & Example
 指令 解說、語法及例子
 
  cd Stands for "change directory". Changes
  the current working directory. If no
  directory is specified, then the user
  is returned to their home directory
 切換當前目錄
 
  cd move to home directory
 
  cd ~ move to home directory
 
  cd .. move one directory up
 
  cd dirname change to a specific directory dirname
 
  clear Clear terminal screen
 清除螢幕
 
  dir same as "ls" without options
 
  ls Display Information about files and
  directories
 列出檔案清單
 
  ls display information in short format
 
  ls -l display information in long format
 
  ls -a display information for every file
  including hidden file in a directory
 
  man Display online help
 顯示線上說明文件
  man command
 
  pwd Report current directory
 顯示目前的工作目錄
 
  4.Compress & Decompress 壓縮及解壓
 
  Command Description, Syntax & Example
 指令 解說、語法及例子
 
  tar parameter 參數
 
  -x expand the .tar file
 解開 tar 檔案
 
  -c create the tar file
 打包成 tar 檔案
 
  -z compress to / decompress from tar file
 壓縮 / 解壓
 
  -v display the output onscreen
 顯示運作過程資訊
 
  -f specify subdirectory and filename
 指定子目錄與檔案
 
  tar zxvf tarfile.tar.gz
  Decompress the compressed tar file to specify subdirectory and filename, display the output onscreen.
  * The first step to install application
 
  tar zcvf tarfile.tar.gz SubD/
  Create a compress file, "SubD/" is the subdirectory to be compressed.
  * Useful to backup data such as user account etc...
 
  tar ztf tarfile.tar.gz
  view the content of tarfile.tar.gz
 檢視壓縮檔案內容
 
  zip Compress Files
 壓縮檔案
  zip myfiles *.txt
 
  unzip Decompress Files
 解壓檔案
  unzip myfiles
 
  5.Files Management 檔案管理
 
  Command Description, Syntax & Example
 指令 解說、語法及例子
 
  cat Concatenates files
 連接檔案
  cat appendfile >> originalfile
 
  chmod Change the permissions mode of file
  or directory
 改變檔案與目錄存取權限
  chmod 755 (dirname)
  chmod ug+rx(dirname)
 
  cp Copy files
 複製檔案
  cp from-filename to-filename
 
  du Displays the amount of space being
  used by the specified directories or
  files
 查看目前目錄所佔的硬碟空間
 
  less Similar to more but allows backward
  movement
 向上下翻頁顯示檔案(全螢幕)
  less filename
  ps | less
 
  ln Creates a symbolic link to a files
 建立目標檔案連結
  ln -s originalfile linkfile
 
  mkdir Create new directories
 建立目錄
  mkdir (newdirectory)
 
  more Display file contents in full screen
  and page by page
 向下翻頁顯示檔案(全螢幕)
  more (filename)
  ps | more
 
  mv Move files
 搬移檔案
  mv (filename) (targetdirectory)
 
  rm Delete files
 刪除檔案
  rm (filename)
 
  rm -r (dirname) delete directory and files recursively
 
  rmdir Delete empty directories
 刪除空目錄
  rmdir (emptydirectory)
 
  6.Filters 過濾器
 
  Command Description, Syntax & Example
 指令 解說、語法及例子
 
  grep Looks for patterns found in files and
  reports when these patterns are found
 搜尋字串
  ps aux | grep "sendmail"
 
  sort Sort and merge text files
 排序
  sort sorted.txt
 
  tr Translates or maps characters in a
  file from one form to another
  tr -d \015\032 linuxfile
  tr abc zyx
 
  7.Login & Logout 登入及登出
 
  Command Description, Syntax & Example
 指令 解說、語法及例子
 
  login login
 登入
 
  [ctrl]+d logout and return to login screen
 登出及返回登入畫面
 
  logout logout and return to login screen
 登出及返回登入畫面
 
  exit logout and return to login screen
 登出及返回登入畫面
 
  su login to another user login session,
  default user is "root"
 登入為另一用戶
 
  rlogin Remote Login
 遠端登入
 
  8.Modules 模組
 
  Command Description, Syntax & Example
 指令 解說、語法及例子
 
  depmod Handle dependency description for
  loadable kernel Modules
 處理模組間的依賴性。
 
  modprob High level handling of loadable Modules
 優化模組 - 裝上指定的模組及另一些沒有指
 定,但必須用到的模組。
 
  insmod Install loadable kernel Module
 裝上指定的模組。
 
  lsmod List Loaded Modules
 列出所有裝上的模組。
 
  rmmod Unload loadable Module
 清除已裝上的指定模組。
 
  lspci List all PCI devices include Mother
  Board Chipset
 列出所有主機板上晶片組及 PCI 介面
 
  9.Networking 網路工具
 
  Command Description, Syntax & Example
 指令 解說、語法及例子
 
  finger Displays information about users on the
  system
 顯示使用者資料
  finger
  finger (username)
 
  ifconfig Monitor and change the state of network
  interfaces
 查閱與設定網路介面
 
  ifdown Disconnect ppp connection
 解除 ppp 連線
  ifdown ppp0
 
  ifup Connect ppp connection
 接駁 ppp 連線
  ifup ppp0
 
  netstat displays the status of network
  connections on TCP, UDP, RAW or UNIX
  sockets to the system
 觀察主機與其他電腦之間的連線狀況,封包傳
 輸等資料
 
  nslookup Queries the DNS to return information
  about specific hosts and networks
 向 DNS 查詢主機與網路資訊
 
  ping Requests packet echos from network
  hosts
 測試網路連接狀況
 
  telnet To access remote computers
 操作遠端電腦
 
  10.Setup 設定工具
 
  Command Description, Syntax & Example
 指令 解說、語法及例子
 
  kbdconfig Keyboard Configuration
 鍵盤設定程式
 
  linuxconf Linux Configuration, text mode and X-Win
  mode.
  Linux 設定程式
 
  mouseconfig Mouse Configuration
 滑鼠設定程式
 
  netcfg Red Hat Linux network configuration
  tool, X-Win mode only.
 紅帽 Linux 網路設定工具
 
  netconf Network Configuration, text mode and X-
  Win mode.
 網路設定程式
 
  ntsysv System Service
 設定系統啟動時的執行程式
 
  setup Setup Menu
 設定功能表
 
  sndconfig Soundcard Configuration
 音效卡設定程式
 
  timeconfig Timezone Configuration
 時區設定程式
 
  Xconfigurator X Window Configuration
  X Win 設定程式
 
  xf86config Traditional X Window Configuration
 傳統的 X Win 設定程式
 
  XF86Setup XFree GUI X Window Configuration
  XFree 圖形介面 X Win 設定程式
 
  11.System Management 系統管理
 
  Command Description, Syntax & Example
 指令 解說、語法及例子
 
  df Reports the amount of free disk space
  on any currently mounted filesystem
 顯示目前硬碟所剩空間
 
  mount attach the device to the filesystem
 掛上週邊設備
  mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrom mount the secondary master IDE
  CDROM to directory /mnt/cdrom
 
  mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy mount the floppy disk A to
  directory /mnt/floppy
 
  mount /mnt/cdrom mount the CDROM to
  directory /mnt/cdrom
 
  mount /mnt/floppy mount the floppy disk to
  directory /mnt/floppy
 
  mount display the mounted device
  information
 
  umount detach the device from the
  filesystem
 卸下週邊設備
  umount /mnt/cdrom
  umount /mnt/floppy
 
  12.System Shutdown & Restart 系統關閉及重新啟動
 
  Command Description, Syntax & Example
 指令 解說、語法及例子
 
  reboot Reboot the system now
 立即重新啟動系統
 
  init 6 Reboot the system now
 立即重新啟動系統
 
  [ctrl]+[alt]+[del] Reboot the system now
 立即重新啟動系統
 
  halt Halt the system now
 立即關閉系統
 
  shutdown Shutdown the System
 關閉系統
  parameter 參數
  -r Reboot the system when the shutdown is
  complete
  -h Halt the system when the shutdown is
  complete
 
  shutdown -r now Reboot the system now
 
  shutdown -h now Halt the system from now
 
  shutdown -r +15 Reboot the system after 15 minutes from
  now
 
  shutdown -h +15 Halt the system after 15 minutes from
  now
 
  shutdown -r 23:00 Reboot the system on 11 p.m
 
  shutdown -h 23:00 Halt the system on 11 p.m
 
 如何使 CTRL+ALT+DEL 失效?
 避免任何人都可以關機,請修改檔案 /etc/inittab , 找尋下列句子:
  # Trap CTRL-ALT-DELETE
  ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now改為#ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now
 只准 root 登入
 在 /etc 目錄內建立一文字檔案名 nologin ,內容隨意。只要系統發現此檔案存在,就會禁止其他使用者登入,並且會顯示
nologin 檔的內容。
 如何讓 Linux 以單人模式開機?
 原因:當系統發生問題時,必須以單人模式進入,以便修復系統。
 在命令模式下執行:
  telinit 1
 或在 boot prompt 時,鍵入:
  linux single
 如何可以重看開機時一大堆訊息?
 在命令模式下執行:
  dmesg | less
 如何可以在開機時自動掛上光碟機?
 假設光碟機是 Secondary Master IDE CDROM hdc , 修改檔案 /etc/fstab,加入以下一行:
  /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrom iso9660 default 1 0
 如要換光碟片,必須先 umount ,光碟片才能退出光碟機,執行:
  umount /mnt/cdrom
 換光碟片後,必須手動重新掛上光碟機,執行:
  mount -t iso9660 /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrom

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